System, devices, and/or methods for stabilizing earth

ABSTRACT

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system comprising: a first tubular mesh enclosure having a first opposing pair of ends, at least one of said first opposing pair of ends sealed; a first filling surrounded by said first tubular mesh enclosure; a first geogrid wrapped at least partially around said first tubular mesh enclosure.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to, and incorporates by referenceherein in its entirety, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/923,659, filed 16 Apr. 2007.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A wide variety of potential practical and useful embodiments will bemore readily understood through the following detailed description ofcertain exemplary embodiments, with reference to the accompanyingexemplary drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken, e.g., at section 1-1 of FIG. 1,of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view, taken, e.g., at section 1-1 of FIG. 1,of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system comprising a fence post;

FIG. 4 is a front view of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system comprising aculvert;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view, taken, e.g., at section 4-4 of FIG. 4;and

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain exemplary embodiments, sometimes referred to herein asGreenLoxx™ and/or available from Filtrexx International of Grafton, Ohio(hereinafter “Filtrexx”) (web site accessible at Filtrexx.com), canprovide a vegetated mechanically stabilized earth (“MSE”) system thatcan be reinforced with vegetation and/or geotextile support to form awall that “locks” into the adjacent earth and/or a desired positionand/or orientation. The locking mechanism can be created by theintegration of a geogrid, compacted backfill, vegetation, and/or afascia made from elongated tubular mesh enclosures, such as a FiltrexxFilterSoxx™ (sometimes referred to herein as “Soxx”), which can befilled with a filler and/or growing medium, such as FiltrexxGrowingMedia™.

Certain exemplary embodiments can rely on GrowingMedia™ to provide afertile growing medium that can encourage vegetation establishmentand/or assist in anchoring roots of the vegetation to the wall and/orthe site substrate. Certain exemplary embodiments can provide:

-   -   a living, vegetated, and/or green retaining wall and/or wall        fascia;    -   higher aesthetic appeal;    -   greater erosion control, environmental, and/or filtering        functionality; and/or    -   a more stable retaining wall system.        Application

GreenLoxx™ can be to be used where other retaining walls are specified.These locations can include but are not limited to:

-   -   Steep embankments    -   Roadside slopes    -   Road underpasses (culverts)    -   Storm water outfalls    -   Stream banks    -   Shoreline slopes    -   Residential retaining walls

GreenLoxx™ can be comprised of any of 5 primary components:

-   -   Filtrexx Soxx™ can be used as the vegetated fascia;    -   Filtrexx GrowingMedia™ can be used to fill the Soxx™;    -   a geogrid can be wrapped around the filled fascia Soxx™;    -   compacted backfill can be placed behind the fascia; and/or    -   vegetation can be grown through the Soxx.

These components, and/or their equivalents, can work together toestablish a system of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) with avegetated fascia.

Certain exemplary embodiments can:

-   -   provide construction components that are relatively light in        weight;    -   avoid utilizing a poured concrete footing;    -   incorporate seed throughout the fascia profile and/or within the        FilterSoxx;    -   provide a growing medium that establishes, sustains, and/or        provides reinforcement for vegetation;    -   provide the ability to bind and/or absorb soluble nutrients,        metals, contaminants, and/or organic chemicals that can be        comprised by storm water runoff and/or leachate, thereby        reducing loading to adjacent receiving waters;    -   provide microorganisms in the growing medium that have the        ability to degrade and/or cycle captured nutrients, metals,        contaminants, and/or organic chemicals into beneficial and/or        less toxic forms;    -   provide physical structure for seed, seedlings, and/or live        stakes;    -   provide increased water holding capacity and/or reduced water        evaporation to aid in seed germination, plant sustainability,        and/or the potential for reduced irrigation;    -   provide improved germination, moisture management, and/or        irrigation in arid and/or semiarid regions;    -   provide organic nutrients that release relatively slowly for        improved and/or optimum efficiency to establishing vegetation;    -   provide organic nutrients that are less prone to runoff        transport and/or pollution of surface waters, relative to        mineral nutrients supplied by fertilizers;    -   provide a suitable conduit for a low volume and/or low pressure        drip tape irrigation system installed within the FilterSoxx        fascia to promote vegetation establishment;    -   easily utilize reinforcing for challenging applications;    -   provide improved drainage and/or reduction of hydrostatic        pressure over conventional structural walls;    -   provide for customizable vegetation using plugs, live stakes,        seed, sprigs, and/or bulbs;    -   allow for faster installation than conventional walls;    -   provide support to both top and/or bottom of each layer of the        fascia;    -   allow for fascia that is installed in continuous lengths,        thereby reducing the presence of breaks and/or potential weak        points in the structure; and/or    -   create individual terraces on each level of the fascia, thereby        further facilitating vegetation growth;    -   provide a Bodkin-Type Connection to connect each grid layer to        the previous grid layer;    -   connect each successive fascia layer to the previous fascia        layer;    -   provide vertical and/or near vertical batters and/or collections        of FilterSoxx;    -   create a continuous horizontal fascia having no vertical breaks;    -   allow for custom plant mixes within the fascia;    -   present sufficiently sized openings for vegetation        establishment; and/or    -   provide a fascia having relatively low heat absorption        properties.        Material Specifications

In certain exemplary embodiments, the components of the GreenLoxx′ wallcan work together to establish a system of Mechanically Stabilized Earth(MSE) with a vegetated fascia. Note that backfill and/or geogridrequirements can be specific to each project and/or typically arereviewed by a Professional Engineer.

Filtrexx Soxx™

In certain exemplary embodiments, the fascia of the GreenLoxx™ wall canbe comprised of knitted and/or extruded tubular geotextile units, suchas Filtrexx Soxx™. Soxx™ can be specifically designed to retain FiltrexxGrowingMedia™, seed, and/or live stakes to promote healthy vegetationgrowth. This system also can be designed to reduce hydrostatic pressureby increasing drainage of surface and/or run-on/runoff and/or subsurfaceflow to the vegetated fascia. The openings in the Soxx™ can allow forroot growth while retaining GrowingMedia™ for healthy and/or sustainablevegetation. The Soxx™ can be installed in continuous sections, reducingthe number of joints in the system that typically occurs with otherblock structures. These continuous sections can allow the GreenLoxx™fascia to act as a beam across the slope, thereby distributing anyacting pressures.

Filtrexx FilterSoxx™ wall fascia units typically are available indiameters of 8 in (200 mm), 12 in (300 mm), 18 in (450 mm), 24 in (600mm), and/or 32 in (800 mm), and/or typically are constructed of any of avariety of materials and/or characteristics (see Table 10.2). Thespecific size of the FilterSoxx™ for each site typically will vary basedon intended height of the application, intended batter, and/or spacingof geogrid and/or other anchoring/tieback system. Typically, FilterSoxx™for GreenLoxx™ applications range in diameter from 12 in (300 mm) to 24in (600 mm). The FilterSoxx™ can be constructed from polypropylene,treated UV-resistant material, monofilament, HDPE, rayon, polyester,and/or shade cloth, etc.

GrowingMedia™ Characteristics

In certain exemplary embodiments, GreenLoxx™ can use FiltrexxGrowingMedia™, which can be designed specifically for stability withinthe system and/or establishment and/or sustainability of vegetationgrowth. Filtrexx GrowingMedia™ can be third party tested and/orcertified to meet minimum performance criteria defined by FiltrexxInternational. Specified performance parameters can include: vegetationgrowth, water holding capacity, pH, organic matter, soluble salts,moisture content, biological stability, maturity bioassay, percent inertmaterial, bulk density and/or particle size distribution, etc. Incertain exemplary embodiments, blends of GrowingMedia™ with additionalinorganic materials can be utilized to meet local site requirements(e.g., sand, soils, aggregates, etc).

Geogrid Reinforcement

In certain exemplary embodiments, a geogrid can be utilized. A wrap ofgeogrid typically is recommended for every course when lifts are 18 in(450 mm) and/or larger and/or every one to two courses for 8 in (200 mm)and/or 12 in (300 mm) lifts. Therefore, as geogrid spacing varies,FilterSoxx™ wall fascia size (8 in and/or 200 mm to 30 in and/or 750 mm)can be adjusted to meet the grid-spacing requirements as determined bythe site engineer.

Geogrid Length

In certain exemplary embodiments, a geogrid length can be specified as aminimum of 0.6 times the height of the wall per lift. Lengths canincrease with increased slope, loading, soil conditions and/or actingpressures. Site specific engineering from a locally registeredProfessional Engineer can be utilized.

Construction of Footer for Structural Stability

Although a concrete footer is not necessary required for GreenLoxx™, astable foundation can be provided, such as by using Soxx™ filled withinorganic materials, such as rock, compactable gravel, and/or othersuitable materials. An optional aggregate filled FilterSoxx™ can besubstituted on the bottom layer in GreenLoxx™ The bottom Soxx™ can beburied and/or keyed in to increase stability so that the depth is equalto approximately 10% of wall height. Depth can be determined bysite-specific engineering.

Vegetation Choices

Examples of vegetation that can be selected include:

-   -   Grasses including natives    -   Vines and/or groundcover, including ivy, myrtle, etc.    -   Wildflowers    -   Perennials    -   Annuals    -   Small shrubs, particularly if incorporated with process of        building GreenLoxx™        Vegetation Selection

Successful planning for any vegetation establishment project canconsider aesthetics, wildlife habitat, climate, prevailing weather,temperature, sun exposure, prolonged moisture exposure, availablemoisture/irrigation requirements, topography, soil type, soil pH, soilamendments, nutrient requirements, drought tolerance, time/coordinationwith construction phases, site preparation/coordination withconstruction phases, protection from erosion and/or sedimentation,concentrated flow and/or runoff velocity potential, maintenance, and/orseed mix/plant selection.

Quick establishing annual grasses and/or legumes can be specified fortemporary and/or nurse crop applications. Perennial grasses can bespecified for permanent applications. Native grasses can be utilized asthese can be better adapted to local climate, native soil, and/orhydrology. If GreenLoxx™ system will be exposed to prolonged moisture,wetland/or species can be utilized. Tall and/or sturdy grasses can bebetter at reducing runoff and/or flow velocity and/or increasingsediment removal than low growing, flexible grasses and/or legumes, astaller vegetation generally increase surface roughness values.Additionally, deep rooted grasses can be more stable under high stormrunoff and/or high flow velocity.

GreenLoxx™ can be designed for biotechnical engineering applications.GrowingMedia™ fill within the FilterSoxx™ system can create an optimumfertile and/or structural environment for establishing and/or sustaininglive stakes, seed, tubers, rhizomes, and/or plugs, etc. As used herein,the term “live stake” means an approximately 1 to 3 foot long cuttingfrom a live hardwood tree and/or shrub that is planted vertically, suchas into a GrowingMedia™. Typical live stake species include willow,poplar, maple, cottonwood, dogwood, sycamore, and/or oak. Drip tapeirrigation installed within the GreenLoxx™ system can maintain moisturefor plants used in biotechnical engineering projects, particularly indrought prone regions and/or seasons.

Local landscape architects, NRCS personnel, and/or cooperative extensionspecialists can be consulted and/or used as resources for local/regionalseed and/or plant selection. Many state erosion and/or sediment controland/or storm water management manuals have specifications for seedand/or plant selection, seeding rates, and/or planting requirements.VegSpec, a design program created by the USDA-NRCS, can be a helpfultool for seed and/or plant selection. It can be accessed on the web atvegspec.nrcs.usda.gov/vegSpec/index.jsp.

Establishing & Sustaining Vegetation

In certain exemplary embodiments, GreenLoxx™ can be seeded at the timeof application by injection into GrowingMedia™ during GreenLoxx™construction. Nurse crops, such as annual rye, oats, millet, and/orwheat can be utilized to establish a quick vegetative cover untilperennial grasses and/or live stakes are established. Grasses within theGreenLoxx™ can be mowed and/or maintained between approximately 4 in(100 mm) and/or approximately 10 in (250 mm) high, unless otherwisespecified. Taller grasses can have higher sediment removal efficiency,sediment storage capacity, and/or a greater ability to dissipate runoffenergy and/or reduce storm flow velocity relative to low growing and/orlow maintained grasses. Live stakes can be approximately 1 toapproximately 3 feet (300-900 mm) long and/or planted vertically withapproximately 2 inches of one end planted into a GrowingMedia™ and/orspaced 3 to 5 feet (1-1.5 m) apart).

Although GrowingMedia™ typically has a higher water holding capacitythan topsoil, irrigation can be utilized to ensure successfulestablishment. In arid and/or semi-arid regions and/or hot and/or dryweather, regular irrigation can be utilized. Drip tape irrigation can beinstalled within the FilterSoxx™ to maintain moisture within theGrowingMedia™ for establishing vegetation and/or in drought proneregions and/or seasons.

GreenLoxx™ GrowingMedia™ can supply humus, organic matter, beneficialmicrobes, and/or slow release organic nutrients that can contribute toincreased fertility, plant health, and/or sustainability.

Organic vs. Fertilizer Nutrients

Although most specification and/or design manuals include fertilizerrecommendations and/or requirements for vegetation, mineral nutrientsfrom fertilizers might not be preferable where vegetation sustainabilityand/or water quality are a concern. GreenLoxx™ can provide organicnutrients that are slow release, provide plant micronutrients, and/orare less likely to be transported in storm runoff to receiving waters,which can otherwise lead to pollution and/or eutrophication ofwaterways.

Weed Establishment

Invasive weed growth has been more closely associated with mineralfertilizer than organic fertilizer fertility practices. Vegetationpractices can be inspected for invasive and/or noxious weeds.

Establishing Vegetation

Potential Methods for establishing vegetation can include:

-   -   Plant Plugs that are approximately 2 inches×approximately 2        inches (50 mm×50 mm) or smaller    -   Live stakes    -   Bulbs and/or dormant rootstocks buried in GreenLoxx during        construction    -   Sprigs    -   Annual and/or perennial plants    -   Injection of seed into the FilterSoxx™ and/or pre-mixing seed        and/or GrowingMedia™ prior to filling    -   Broadcast seeding, especially natives and/or wildflowers        Performance

A local registered Professional Engineer can determine appropriateperformance tests using recognized engineering performance testingand/or standard specifications for materials. These can include any ofthe following:

American Society for Testing and/or Materials (ASTM):

-   -   C1372—Standard Specification for Segmental Retaining Wall Units    -   C33-93—Specifications for Concrete Aggregates    -   D698—Test method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of        Soil Using Standard Effort    -   D424—Atterburg Limit of Soils    -   D422—Gradation of Soils    -   D5262—Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tension Creep        Behavior of Geosynthetics    -   D4355—Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from Exposure        to Ultraviolet light

Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI)

-   -   GG1—Standard Test Method for Geogrid Rib Tensile Strength    -   GG4—Standard Practice for Determination of Long Term Design        Strength of Geosynthetic Reinforcements    -   GG5—Standard Test Method for Determination of Geogrid Pullout        Using Geogrid for Reinforcement

In certain exemplary embodiments, geogrid can be wrapped around theentire fascia, thereby providing support to the top and/or bottom of thefascia and/or preventing movement of the FilterSoxx™ from within thewrapped layer. There can be situations where the geogrid wrap can covermore than one layer of FilterSoxx™. Because the FilterSoxx™ fascia canbe permeable, it can retain less water than a block wall and/or canprevent soil saturation, mass wasting of soil, and/or hydrostaticpressure behind the fascia.

Installation

Tools and/or Materials

Potential installation tools and/or materials can include:

-   -   Normal soil working tools such as shovels, rakes, hand        compactor, broom, and/or pick, etc.    -   Mechanical compactor    -   Pneumatic blower truck capable of reaching remote areas    -   Mechanism for blending seed and/or GrowingMedia to be used in        Soxx    -   Filler cone for filling Soxx    -   geogrid meeting specifications for site conditions    -   non-woven geotextile meeting site conditions    -   Filtrexx Soxx    -   Tie-wraps (e.g., approximately 8 inch and/or 200 mm)    -   Sod staples (e.g., approximately 8 inch and/or 200 mm)    -   Rebar stakes (e.g., approximately 0.5 inch)    -   Wooden stakes (e.g., approximately 2 inch (50 mm)×approximately        2 inch (50 mm)×approximately 3 to 4 feet long (1-1.2 m)).    -   Repelling gear/safety harness/tie off equipment    -   Traffic control and/or safety measures, where required    -   Duck bill and/or Manta Ray anchors and/or equivalent, as needed    -   Driving rods for anchors    -   Hammer and/or other driving mechanism to achieve proper anchor        depth and/or load capability        Excavation and/or Base Preparation

Prior to construction, the area of excavation can tightly fit the firstlayer of FilterSoxx™ to create a firm foundation (see Image 3).Temporary sediment control devices, such as Filtrexx SiltSoxx™, can beused to minimize run-off and/or erosion.

The foundation area can be compacted using a plate compactor and/orequivalent prior to adding any fill and/or the first course ofFilterSoxx™. No footings are required for GreenLoxx™; however, a levelbase that is buried a predetermined depth, such as approximately 10% ofthe wall height, can be utilized.

Drainage

Unlike hard-walls, a drainage zone behind the face of the GreenLoxx™need not be required as the FilterSoxx™ fascia can be highly permeable.This permeability can greatly reduce hydrostatic pressure and/orfacilitate hydration of the GrowingMedia™ and/or fascia vegetation.Where increased drainage is desired and/or required for high-flow areas,stone can be added to the GrowingMedia™ in the first and/or secondFilterSoxx™ course to enhance the movement of subsurface and/or runoffflow. As with other retaining walls, additional drainage systems can beinstalled behind the wall. Drainage requirements can be addressed by ageotechnical engineer and/or hydrologist.

An optional “drainage layer” can be advisable in some situations, andcan be accomplished using, for example approximately 8 inch (300 mm)diameter FilterSoxx™ filled with pea gravel, #8 limestone, and/oraggregate of equivalent and/or suitable size. This material can bestacked in a vertical layer between the existing soil and/or theGreenLoxx™ system, to facilitate drainage away from existing soil beforeentering the structural fill, and/or to have an area of emergency drainrelief caused by runoff and/or subsurface flow. Benefits of usingFilterSoxx™ can include more accurate estimates of quantity of stoneneeded for drainage layers and/or keeping the stone confined to apermanent drainage layer.

Base Course

After the initial excavation, fine-tuning of the base surface cancommence, such as via using a laser-level to prepare a base surfacesufficiently level for the first course of FilterSoxx™. The surface canbe free of roots and/or rocks that can interfere with the FilterSoxx™and/or result in an uneven surface.

After preparation of the base surface, an approximately 8 inch (200 mm)layer of granular material can be placed over the native material,including within any the trenched section. A layer of semi-porousgeogrid can be used to separate the granular fill from the native soil.The granular material can be applied manually, by excavator, and/or bypneumatic blower (see Image 4).

For projects where geogrid is required, the geogrid can be laid downprior to placement of FilterSoxx™ and/or wrapped around the FilterSoxx™fascia.

After placing and/or compacting the base material the first course ofgeogrid can be installed. The geogrid can be placed over the granularmaterial and/or fastened with sod staples and/or rebar stakes totemporarily anchor the geogrid while commencing work. Once the geogridis anchored, a FilterSoxx™ of the desired length can be installedhorizontally and/or parallel to the wall face (see Image 5). TheFiltrexx FilterSoxx™ can be filled in place, such as at the base of thewall, and/or if present, in the trench (see Image 6).

When installing geogrid, the installer can assure that it is laid flatover the backfill. The geogrid can be pulled back to ensure goodconnection with the FilterSoxx™ fascia and/or to remove any folds in thematerial. Wooden stakes (e.g., approximately 2 inch (50mm)×approximately 2 inch (50 mm) stakes and/or approximately 0.5 inch(12.5 mm) re-bar can be used to “pin” the geogrid until backfill isplaced over the geogrid. Note that the geogrid type, strength, and/orspacing can vary between manufacturers.

Non-woven geotextile can be placed to separate native and/or structuralbackfill. Then, structural backfill can be applied with an excavatorand/or pneumatic blower. Fill can be placed and/or compacted usingapproximately 6-12 inch (150-300 mm) lifts. Native backfill can beapplied with an excavator and/or pneumatic blower (see Image 7). Notethat a typical compaction of fascia when using 12 inch (300 mm) and/or18 inch (450 mm) diameter FilterSoxx™ can result in approximately 30%reduction in height (8 in [200 mm] and/or 12 in [300 mm] lift,respectively—see table 10.2). To reduce this compaction, pressure can beexerted on the geogrid to pull tight against the fascia, reducingcompaction and/or increasing height.

Succeeding Courses

Successive courses can be set upon previous courses in a batter and/orpattern prescribed by the site engineer (see Image 8). FilterSoxx™,aggregate, and/or native soil and/or backfill can continue to be placedas needed.

Hand compaction and/or weight of successive layers can compact theFilterSoxx™ fascia by approximately 30%, and the amount of compactioncan be adjusted, such as by the project engineer and/or installer toachieve a specified and/or desired wall height.

Backfill Compaction

The backfill type can be specified and/or proctor tests can be conductedusing standard AS™ testing procedures and/or equivalent fieldprocedures.

Compaction of materials can vary with soil type, but typically, smallerlifts of material (less than approximately 12 inch [300 mm]) can beeasier to compact.

For more information, see GreenLoxx™ design details in FIGS. 10.1 to10.3.

Final Seeding—Cap

The top of the wall and/or “cap” can utilize a Compost Vegetated Cover™and/or a Compost Storm Water Blanket™, which are available from Filtrexxand described on their web site at Filtrexx.com. Each of these productscan effectively join the GreenLoxx™ system with any existing vegetationand/or terrain.

Prior to seeding the top of GreenLoxx™, the upper layer of geogrid canbe buried to a minimum of approximately 6 inches (150 mm). FilterSoxx′can be used to complete the cap in combination with final seeding (seeImage 10).

Inspection

Regular inspections can be conducted that are within local, state,and/or federal guidelines for water quality regulations. A minimum ofapproximately 70% uniform cover for vegetation within 2 seasons can betargeted. Areas that lack vegetation can be spot seeded using acompost/seed mixture.

After six months, if 70% uniform cover of nurse crop has not occurredreseeding and/or remedial planting can be preformed.

Potential Maintenance

Any of the following maintenance activities can be performed:

-   -   The GreenLoxx can be maintained in a functional condition and/or        can be routinely inspected.    -   Seeded GreenLoxx can be maintained until a minimum uniform 70%        cover of the applied area has been vegetated, permanent        vegetation has established, and/or as required by any regulatory        body.    -   Seeded GreenLoxx can be irrigated in hot and/or dry weather        and/or seasons, and/or arid and/or semi-arid climates to ensure        vegetation establishment.    -   Where a GreenLoxx fails and/or becomes dislodged, product can be        repaired to be in good contact with the soil and/or backfill        media.    -   Where bank and/or shoreline erosion occurs, the soil can be        regarded if necessary the GreenLoxx repaired and/or replaced.    -   Where vegetation does not establish, one can reseed, replant,        replace live stakes, and/or provide an approved and/or        functioning alternative.    -   If GreenLoxx is only seeded at time of installation, live stakes        can be added to increase stability, aesthetics, wildlife        habitat, and/or ecological succession.    -   No additional fertilizer and/or lime is necessarily required for        vegetation establishment and/or maintenance.    -   No disposal is necessarily required for this product/practice.    -   GreenLoxx can become part of the permanent landscape.    -   Regular mowing of grass vegetation on seeded GreenLoxx to a        minimum height of, for example, approximately 4 inches (100 mm)        and/or a maximum height of, for example, approximately 10 inches        (250 mm), can deter invasive weeds, allow sunlight to kill        captured pathogens from storm water, and/or provide maximum        sediment removal efficiency and/or sediment storage capacity in        the vegetation.    -   Storm debris and/or trash deposited on GreenLoxx can be removed        as desired.    -   Sediment can be removed if it reaches, for example,        approximately 25% of the height of the vegetation (mowed), to        prevent diversion of storm runoff and/or reduction of vegetation        health and/or cover.    -   If drip tape irrigation system is installed, once vegetation is        fully established, connections to drip tape irrigation system        can be removed, leaving the drip tape inside the FilterSoxx™.

TABLE 10.1 Filtrexx Soxx ™ Material Specifications. Multi-FilamentMulti-Filament Polypropylene Polypropylene “Safety Soxx ™” Material Type3 mil HDPE 5 mil HDPE 5 mil HDPE (MFPP) from Filtrexx MaterialPhotodegradable Photodegradable Biodegradable PhotodegradablePhotodegradable Characteristic Design 5 in (125 mm) 5 in (125 mm) 8 in(200 mm) 8 in (200 mm) 8 in (200 mm), Diameters 8 in (200 mm) 8 in (200mm) 12 in (300 mm) 12 in (300 mm) 12 in (300 mm) 12 in (300 mm) 12 in(300 mm) 18 in (400 mm) 18 in (400 mm) 18 in (400 mm) 18 in (400 mm) 18in (400 mm) 24 in (600 mm) 24 in (600 mm) 24 in (600 mm) 24 in (600 mm)32 in (800 mm) 32 in (800 mm) 32 in (800 mm) 32 in (800 mm) Mesh Opening⅜ in (10 mm) ⅜ in (10 mm) ⅜ in (10 mm) ⅜ in (10 mm) ⅜ in (3 mm) TensileStrength 317 lbs/144 kg 528 lbs/240 kg 528 lbs/240 kg 982 lbs/445 kg1800 lbs/816 kg (8 in/200 mm), (8 in/200 mm), (8 in/200 mm), (8 in/200mm), (8 in/200 mm), 581 lbs/264 kg 969 lbs/440 kg 969 lbs/440 kg 1669lbs/757 kg 3141 lbs/1425 kg (12 in/300 mm), (12 in/300 mm), (12 in/300mm), (12 in/300 mm), (12 in/300 mm), 803 lbs/364 kg 1339 lbs/607 kg 1339lbs/607 kg 2487 lbs/1128 kg 4712 lbs/2137 kg (18 in/450 mm) (18 in/450mm) (18 in/450 mm) (18 in/450 mm) (18 in/450 mm) Ultraviolet 23% at 1000hr 23% at 1000 hr 100% at 1000 hr 100% at 1000 hr Stability % OriginalStrength (AS ™ G-155) Functional 6 mo-2 yr 9 mo-3 yr 6-12 months 1-4 yr2-5 yr Longevity*/ Project Duration *Functional Longevity can be basedon continual UV exposure without vegetation. Once vegetation isestablished, longevity of the system can be greatly increased.

TABLE 10.2 GreenLoxx ™ FilterSoxx ™ Wall Fascia Sizing Prescribedvertical geogrid FilterSoxx ™ spacing as per Engineer wall fasciadiameter inches Mm inches mm 8 200 12 300 12 300 18 450 18 450 24 600 24600 30 750

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system 1000,showing a plurality of plants 1100 that can be rooted in a filling of,and/or growing through the exterior walls of, tubular mesh enclosures(tubes) 1200, 1600, which can have a nominal opening size of less than0.5 inches, and which can be stacked one directly upon and/or indirectlyabove the other to form a substantially vertical and/or sloped wall-likeand/or terraced structure. Extending longitudinally through tube 1200can be an irrigation mechanism 1300, such as a tube, hose, drip tape,etc., which can have a longitudinal axis that is co-incident with,parallel to, angled with respect to, and/or offset from a longitudinalaxis of tube 1200. Irrigation mechanism 1300 can be inserted into tube1200 before, during, or after tube 1200 is filled with the filling,which can be a plant growing medium. A sealed end portion of tube 1300can be located adjacent a sealed end portion of tube 1500.Alternatively, a filled tube can be attached to a second tube in aprocess called sleeving, in which one tube overlaps the other byanywhere from about 1 to about 4 feet, thereby effectively extending thelength of the first tube. If needed, the two tubes can be attachedtogether using, for example, twist ties, zip ties, stakes or the like.Then the filling process can continue. Additional tubes can be furtherattached to form an effectively continuous tube of any desired length.Tube 1600 is shown partially wrapped in a geogrid 1700, which can beuni-axial or bi-axial, can have a nominal opening size of fromapproximately 0.5 inches to approximately 4.0 inches, including allvalues and sub-ranges therebetween (e.g., from 0.8 to 3.2 inches, lessthan 1.53 inches, approximately 1.0 inches, etc.), and/or can extendfrom tube 1600 and into backfill 1800 a sufficient distance tosubstantially secure the position of tube 1600. As shown, geogrid 1700is wrapped partially around tube 1600 such that tube 1600 is located ina manner that it visually divides geogrid 1700 into two substantiallyparallel and/or planar sub-sheets 1720 and 1740 that are separated by aportion of backfill 1800, each of sub-sheets 1720 and 1740 having awidth W that is approximately one half of a width of geogrid 1700.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken, e.g., at section 1-1 of FIG. 1,of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system 2000, and showing tubular meshenclosures of various shapes and sizes, several of which aresubstantially supported by another tubular mesh enclosure, and severalof which are partially wrapped by a sheet of geogrid material which isanchored by backfill. Also shown are various types of plantings that arerooted in a plant-growing medium contained within each tubular meshenclosure, the plantings growing through openings in the exterior wallof the tubular mesh enclosure and through openings in the geogrid.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view, taken, e.g., at section 1-1 of FIG. 1,of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system 3000 comprising a fence post securedbehind a wall-like structure by a footing.

FIG. 4 is a front view of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system 4000 comprisinga culvert. The shown FilterSoxx™ can comprise a filling, such asFiltrexx GrowingMedia™, that can comprise compost, soil, rock, and/orseed. Compost can provide a good substrate to provide physical,chemical, and/or biological filtration. During effective compostingprocesses, weed seeds, pathogens, and/or insects can be killed.Composting also can increase surface area of adsorptive and/orabsorbtive sites for better filtration. Compost typically weighs about1000 to 1200 lbs per cubic yard of material. Riprap can be used with orin place of the shown Filtrexx RockSoxx™.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view, taken, e.g., at section 4-4 of FIG. 4,of an exemplary GreenLoxx™ system 5000 comprising a culvert.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method 6000. Atactivity 6100, a base can be prepared upon which a GreenLoxx™ wall canbe constructed. At activity 6200, a sheet of geogrid can be laid outover the base and one end region of the geogrid can be staked, anchored,and/or covered with backfill, thereby defining a fixed end and a freeend of the geogrid. At activity 6300, a tubular mesh enclosure having asealed end can be laid over an unstaked, unanchored, and/or uncoveredportion of the geogrid located approximately mid-way between the fixedend and the free end. At activity 6400, the tubular mesh enclosure canbe filled in place with a filling that comprises a plant-growing medium.At activity 6500, the open end of the filled tubular mesh enclosure canbe sealed and the free end of the geogrid wrapped partially around thefilled tubular mesh enclosure such that the geogrid is wrapped to formtwo substantially parallel and/or planar sub-sheets (see half-sheets1720 and 1740 of geogrid sheet 1700 of FIG. 1). At activity 6600, thefree end of the geogrid can be staked, anchored, and/or covered withbackfill. At activity 6700, the process can be repeated, such that asecond wrapped filled tubular enclosure is installed over and/orsupported by the first wrapped filled tubular enclosure. At activity6800, plants can be germinated within the filling(s) and/or installedthrough the geogrid(s) and the tubular mesh enclosure(s) such that theplants take root and begin growing through the geogrid(s) and thetubular mesh enclosure(s).

Thus, certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system comprising: afirst tubular mesh enclosure having a first opposing pair of ends, atleast one of said first opposing pair of ends sealed; a first fillingsurrounded by said first tubular mesh enclosure; a first geogrid wrappedat least partially around said first tubular mesh enclosure.

Definitions

When the following terms are used substantively herein, the accompanyingdefinitions apply. These terms and definitions are presented withoutprejudice, and, consistent with the application, the right to redefinethese terms during the prosecution of this application or anyapplication claiming priority hereto is reserved. For the purpose ofinterpreting a claim of any patent that claims priority hereto, eachdefinition (or redefined term if an original definition was amendedduring the prosecution of that patent), functions as a clear andunambiguous disavowal of the subject matter outside of that definition.

-   -   a—at least one.    -   absorb—to take up or receive by chemical or molecular action.    -   activity—an action, act, step, and/or process or portion thereof    -   adapted for—made suitable and/or fit for a specific use and/or        situation.    -   adapted to—made suitable and/or fit for a specific use and/or        situation.    -   adjacent—in close proximity to, near, next to, and/or adjoining.    -   amount—a quantity.    -   and/or—either in conjunction with or in alternative to.    -   annual—a plant that typically lives for only one growing season.    -   apparatus—an appliance or device for a particular purpose    -   around—on all sides; about.    -   at least—not less than.    -   backfill—material used for refilling an excavation.    -   beneficial—conferring benefit; advantageous; helpful.    -   bind—to combine with, form a chemical bond with, and/or be taken        up by.    -   bulb—a usually subterranean and often globular bud having fleshy        leaves emergent at the top and a stem reduced to a flat disk,        rooting from the underside, as in the onion and lily.    -   can—is capable of, in at least some embodiments.    -   capture—to bind, catch, take possession of, take control of,        and/or hold.    -   comprising—including but not limited to.    -   contaminant—an undesired chemical and/or biological material.    -   degrade—to break down and/or decompose.    -   device—a machine, manufacture, and/or collection thereof.    -   distance—a measure of physical and/or logical separation.    -   dormant—in a state of minimal metabolic activity with cessation        of growth, either as a reaction to adverse conditions or as part        of an organism's normal annual rhythm.    -   drip tape—a type of irrigation hose having factory-installed        emitters and/or holes used to apply a relatively small amount of        water directly at the point of use; contrast with hose-supplied        sprinklers.    -   enclosure—a structure that encloses.    -   ends—a terminal portion.    -   establish—to create, form, and/or set-up.    -   extending—existing, located, placed, and/or stretched        lengthwise.    -   filling—a content of a tube subsequent to a fill operation,        which can provide the filling to the tube pneumatically, via        auger, manually, etc., as explained in U.S. Patent Application        Publication 2005/0254899A1, which is incorporated by reference        herein in its entirety.    -   fix—to make fast, firm, and/or stable; and/or to place        definitely and/or more or less permanently.    -   formed—constructed.    -   from—used to indicate a source.    -   further—in addition.    -   geogrid—a mesh, typically synthetic, fabric that is generally        provided in flexible sheet form; can include geotextiles,        geonets, geomembranes, and/or geocomposites.    -   grass—any plant of the family Gramineae, having jointed stems,        sheathing leaves, and seedlike grains.    -   groundcover—any of a variety of low-grooving and/or trailing        plants used to cover the ground in areas where grass is        difficult to grow, as in dense shade and/or on steep slopes.    -   growing medium—a material adapted to increase by natural        development, as any living organism or part by assimilation of        nutriment, and/or to increase in size or substance.    -   having—comprising.    -   hose—a flexible tube for conveying a liquid, as water, to a        desired point.    -   humus—a dark organic substance comprising partially and/or        wholly decayed vegetable and/or animal matter that provides        nutrients for plants and increases the ability of soil to retain        water.    -   hydrocarbon—an organic chemical containing only hydrogen and        carbon.    -   inorganic—not carbon-based and/or not living and/or previously        living.    -   into—to a condition, state, or form of    -   irrigation—the artificial application of water to land to assist        in the germination, growth, maintenance, and/or production of        plants.    -   less than—having a measurably smaller magnitude and/or degree as        compared to something else.    -   live stake—a living woody plant cutting that will tolerate        cutting and still be capable of quickly establishing a new root        system.    -   material—any substance that can be excavated and/or scooped.    -   may—is allowed and/or permitted to, in at least some        embodiments.    -   mesh—any knit, woven, and/or knotted fabric of open texture        and/or an interwoven and/or intertwined structure    -   metal—an element yielding positively charged ions in aqueous        solutions of its salts.    -   method—a process, procedure, and/or collection of related        activities for accomplishing something.    -   microbe—a microorganism.    -   microorganism—any organism too small to be viewed by the unaided        eye, such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and/or algae    -   nominal—a title by which a thing is known and/or designated.    -   nutrients—any substance (such as a chemical element and/or        inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and        used in organic synthesis.    -   opening—an aperture.    -   opposing—opposite; against; being the other of two complementary        or mutually exclusive things; placed or located opposite, in        contrast, in counterbalance, and/or across from something else        and/or from each other.    -   organic chemical—any member of a large class of chemical        compounds whose molecules comprise at least carbon and hydrogen;        therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides, and elementary        carbon are excluded.    -   organic matter—partially and/or wholly decayed vegetable and/or        animal matter.    -   pair—a quantity of two of something.    -   partially—to a degree, but not necessarily totally.    -   perennial—a plant having a life cycle typically lasting more        than two years.    -   plant—any organism of the kingdom Plantae, whether unharvested        or harvested. Examples include crops, grains, tobacco, trees,        nuts, flowers, vegetables, fruits, berries, and/or produce, etc.    -   plant growing medium—any material capable of supporting plant        life including soil, sand, and/or compost.    -   plug—a small but well-rooted seedling.    -   plurality—the state of being plural and/or more than one.    -   position—(n) a place and/or location, often relative to a        reference point. (v) to place and/or locate.    -   positioned—to put in place or position.    -   predetermined—established in advance.    -   provide—to furnish, supply, give, convey, send, and/or make        available.    -   recycle—to treat and/or process (e.g., used and/or waste        materials) so as to make suitable for reuse.    -   rhizome—a rootlike subterranean stem, commonly horizontal in        position, that usually produces roots below and sends up shoots        progressively from the upper surface.    -   root—to send out roots and/or begin to grow.    -   rootstock—a rhizome and/or a root and its associated growth        buds, used as a stock in plant propagation.    -   said—when used in a system or device claim, an article        indicating a subsequent claim term that has been previously        introduced.    -   seal—to shut close, keep close, make fast, keep secure, and/or        prevent leakage.    -   seed—a fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant,        containing an embryo or rudimentary plant,    -   set—a related plurality.    -   shrub—a woody plant smaller than a tree, usually having multiple        permanent stems branching from or near the ground.    -   size—physical dimensions, proportions, magnitude, amount, and/or        extent of an entity.    -   slow release—to slowly let go and/or free from something that        restrains, binds, fastens, and/or holds back.    -   soluble—capable of being dissolved or liquefied    -   specifically—in a specified, precise, and/or particular manner.    -   sprig—a shoot, twig, and/or small branch of a plant.    -   stability—a firmness in position and/or resistance to change in        position.    -   stabilize—to make and/or keep stable.    -   structural—load-bearing and/or of, relating to, or affecting        structure.    -   substantially—to a considerable, large, and/or great, but not        necessarily whole and/or entire, extent and/or degree.    -   sufficient—to a degree necessary to achieve a predetermined        result.    -   supply—make available for use.    -   support—to bear the weight of, especially from below.    -   surround—to encircle, enclose, and/or confine on several and/or        all sides.    -   sustainability—maintenance.    -   system—a collection of mechanisms, devices, machines, articles        of manufacture, processes, data, and/or instructions, the        collection designed to perform one or more specific functions.    -   through—in one side and out the opposite or another side of,        across, among, and/or between.    -   toxic—of, pertaining to, affected with, or caused by a toxin or        poison    -   tube—an elongate member having a longitudinal axis and defining        a longitudinal cross-section resembling any closed shape such        as, for example, a circle, a non-circle such as an oval (which        generally can include a shape that is substantially in the form        of an obround, ellipse, limaçon, cardioid, cartesian oval,        and/or Cassini oval, etc), and/or a polygon such as a triangle,        rectangle, square, hexagon, the shape of the letter “D”, the        shape of the letter “P”, etc. Thus, a right circular cylinder is        one form of a tube, an elliptic cylinder is another form of a        tube having an elliptical longitudinal cross-section, and a        generalized cylinder is yet another form of a tube. A tube can        be formed of a mesh material, and can be filled with a filler        material.    -   tuber—a thickened part of an underground stem of a plant, such        as the potato, bearing buds from which new plant shoots arise.    -   tubular—shaped substantially like a tube and/or pipe; and/or        having a hollow, substantially cylindrical shape.    -   via—by way of and/or utilizing.    -   vine—any plant having a weak, long, and/or slender stem that        trails and/or creeps on the ground and/or climbs by winding        itself about a support and/or holding fast with tendrils and/or        claspers.    -   wherein—in regard to which; and; and/or in addition to.    -   wildflower—a plant that normally grows in fields, forests, etc.,        without deliberate cultivation.    -   wrap—to wind, cradle, fold, or bind (something) about as a        covering and/or support.        Note

Still other substantially and specifically practical and usefulembodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in this artfrom reading the above-recited and/or herein-included detaileddescription and/or drawings of certain exemplary embodiments. It shouldbe understood that numerous variations, modifications, and additionalembodiments are possible, and accordingly, all such variations,modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within thescope of this application.

Thus, regardless of the content of any portion (e.g., title, field,background, summary, description, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) ofthis application, unless clearly specified to the contrary, such as viaexplicit definition, assertion, or argument, with respect to any claim,whether of this application and/or any claim of any application claimingpriority hereto, and whether originally presented or otherwise:

-   -   there is no requirement for the inclusion of any particular        described or illustrated characteristic, function, activity, or        element, any particular sequence of activities, or any        particular interrelationship of elements;    -   any elements can be integrated, segregated, and/or duplicated;    -   any activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by        multiple entities, and/or any activity can be performed in        multiple jurisdictions; and    -   any activity or element can be specifically excluded, the        sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of        elements can vary.

Moreover, when any number or range is described herein, unless clearlystated otherwise, that number or range is approximate. When any range isdescribed herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that range includesall values therein and all subranges therein. For example, if a range of1 to 10 is described, that range includes all values therebetween, suchas for example, 1.1, 2.5, 3.335, 5, 6.179, 8.9999, etc., and includesall subranges therebetween, such as for example, 1 to 3.65, 2.8 to 8.14,1.93 to 9, etc.

When any claim element is followed by a drawing element number, thatdrawing element number is exemplary and non-limiting on claim scope.

Any information in any material (e.g., a United States patent, UnitedStates patent application, book, article, etc.) that has beenincorporated by reference herein, is only incorporated by reference tothe extent that no conflict exists between such information and theother statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of suchconflict, including a conflict that would render invalid any claimherein or seeking priority hereto, then any such conflicting informationin such material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein.

Accordingly, every portion (e.g., title, field, background, summary,description, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of this application, otherthan the claims themselves, is to be regarded as illustrative in nature,and not as restrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A backfill-anchored wall system configured tostabilize or retain an earthen slope, the system comprising: a syntheticfirst tubular mesh enclosure that defines a first course, a firstportion of said first course defining a first portion of a firstenclosure exposed surface of a retaining wall that is configured tostabilize or retain an earthen slope, said first tubular mesh enclosureformed from a mesh material having a mesh opening size of approximately0.125 inches to approximately 0.375 inches; a synthetic second tubularmesh enclosure that defines a second course, a first portion of saidsecond course defining a first portion of a second enclosure exposedsurface of the retaining wall, said second tubular mesh enclosure incontact with and substantially vertically supported by the first tubularmesh enclosure, said first tubular mesh enclosure and said secondtubular mesh enclosure extending a length of the retaining wall; a firstfilling surrounded by said first tubular mesh enclosure, said firstfilling comprising a first amount of biodegradable plant-growing medium;and a synthetic first geogrid wrapped at least partially around saidfirst portion of said first tubular mesh enclosure while covering saidfirst portion of said first enclosure exposed surface and wrapped atleast partially around said first portion of said second tubular meshenclosure while covering said first portion of said second enclosureexposed surface, a portion of said first geogrid extending substantiallyperpendicularly from an exposed surface of the retaining wall intoadjacent backfill a distance sufficient to substantially fix a positionof the retaining wall; said system configured for a first plurality ofplants to root in said first filling and to extend through said firsttubular mesh enclosure and said first geogrid.
 2. The system of claim 1,further comprising: a second filling surrounded by said second tubularmesh enclosure, said second filling comprising a second amount of saidplant-growing medium; and wherein said system is configured for a secondplurality of plants to root in said second filling and to extend throughsaid second tubular mesh enclosure and said first geogrid.
 3. The systemof claim 1, wherein: said first filling surrounds a first irrigationhose.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein: said first filling surrounds afirst irrigation drip tape.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein: saidfirst filling is specifically adapted for establishment and/orsustainability of said first plurality of plants.
 6. The system of claim1, wherein: said first filling is specifically adapted for stabilizingsaid system.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein: said first filling isadapted to bind and/or absorb soluble nutrients, metals, contaminants,hydrocarbons, and/or organic chemicals.
 8. The system of claim 1,wherein: said first filling comprises microorganisms adapted to degradeand/or recycle captured nutrients, metals, contaminants, and/or organicchemicals into beneficial and/or less toxic forms.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein: said first filling comprises humus, organic matter,beneficial microbes, and/or slow release organic nutrients.
 10. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein: said first filling comprises seeds, dormantrootstocks, and/or bulbs.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein: said firstplurality of plants comprises plugs, live stakes, tubers, rhizomes,and/or sprigs.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein: said first pluralityof plants comprises grasses, vines, groundcovers, wildflowers,perennials, annuals, and/or small shrubs.
 13. The system of claim 1,wherein: the second tubular mesh enclosure has a substantially circularcross-section.
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first geogrid isin contact with the second tubular mesh enclosure.
 15. The system ofclaim 1, wherein: the first geogrid is in contact with substantially allof an exposed surface of the retaining wall.
 16. The system of claim 1,wherein: a portion of the first geogrid is anchored into position solelyby the backfill.
 17. A method for creating a wall system that isconfigured for stabilizing or retaining an earthen slope, the methodcomprising: filling a synthetic first tubular mesh enclosure with afirst filling, said first filling comprising a first amount ofbiodegradable plant-growing medium, said first tubular mesh enclosuredefining a first course, a first portion of said first course defining afirst portion of a first enclosure exposed surface of a retaining wallthat is configured to stabilize or retain an earthen slope, the firsttubular mesh enclosure formed from a mesh material having a mesh openingsize of approximately 0.125 inches to approximately 0.375 inches;filling a synthetic second tubular mesh enclosure with a second filling,a said second tubular mesh enclosure defining a second course, a firstportion of said second course defining a first portion of a secondenclosure exposed surface, said second tubular mesh enclosure formedfrom said mesh material; wrapping a synthetic first geogrid at leastpartially around said first portion of said first tubular mesh enclosurewhile covering said first portion of said first enclosure exposedsurface and at least partially around said first portion of said secondtubular mesh enclosure while covering said first portion of said secondenclosure exposed surface, the second tubular mesh enclosure in contactwith and substantially vertically supported by the first tubular meshenclosure, said first tubular mesh enclosure and said second tubularmesh enclosure extending a length of the retaining wall; applyingbackfill over a portion of said first geogrid such that said portion ofsaid first geogrid extends substantially perpendicularly from an exposedsurface of the retaining wall into said backfill a distance sufficientto substantially fix a position of the retaining wall; rooting a firstplurality of plants in said first filling and extending through saidfirst tubular mesh enclosure and said first geogrid; and wherein saidsynthetic first tubular mesh enclosure is a different material than saidfirst filling and said synthetic first geogrid is a different materialthan said first filling.